Carbon karfe sassa
Carbon karfe karfe ne mai abun ciki na carbon daga kusan 0.05 har zuwa 3.8 bisa dari ta nauyi.Ma'anar karfen carbon daga Cibiyar Iron da Karfe ta Amurka (AISI) ta ce:
1. babu ƙaramin abun ciki da aka ƙayyade ko ake buƙata don chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, ko duk wani abu da za a ƙara don samun tasirin alloying da ake so;
2. ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tagulla ba zai wuce 0.40 bisa ɗari ba;
3. ko matsakaicin abun ciki da aka kayyade don kowane ɗayan abubuwan masu zuwa bai wuce adadin da aka lura ba: manganese 1.65 bisa ɗari;silicon 0.60 bisa dari;jan karfe 0.60 bisa dari.
Hakanan ana iya amfani da kalmar carbon karfe dangane da karfe wanda ba bakin karfe ba;a cikin wannan amfani carbon karfe iya hada da gami karfe.Babban karfen carbon yana da amfani daban-daban kamar injin niƙa, kayan aikin yankan (kamar chisels) da manyan wayoyi masu ƙarfi.Waɗannan aikace-aikacen suna buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan tsari, wanda ke haɓaka taurin.
Yayin da yawan adadin carbon ya tashi, ƙarfe yana da ikon yin ƙarfi da ƙarfi ta hanyar maganin zafi;duk da haka, ya zama ƙasa da ductile.Ko da kuwa maganin zafi, babban abun ciki na carbon yana rage weldability.A cikin ƙananan ƙarfe na carbon, mafi girman abun ciki na carbon yana rage wurin narkewa.
Manufar zafi zalunta carbon karfe ne don canja inji Properties na karfe, yawanci ductility, taurin, yawan amfanin ƙasa ƙarfi, ko tasiri juriya.Lura cewa wutar lantarki da ƙayyadaddun yanayin zafi suna ɗan canza kaɗan.Kamar yadda yake tare da mafi yawan dabarun ƙarfafawa don ƙarfe, ƙirar matashi (elasticity) ba ta da tasiri.Duk jiyya na karfe ciniki ductility don ƙara ƙarfi da mataimakin versa.Iron yana da mafi girma solubility ga carbon a cikin austenite lokaci;don haka duk maganin zafi, ban da spheroidizing da sarrafa annealing, farawa da dumama karfe zuwa yanayin zafi wanda lokacin austenitic zai iya kasancewa.Sannan ana kashe karfen (zafin fitar da zafi) a matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin adadin carbon da ke bazuwa daga cikin austenite da ke samar da ƙarfe-carbide (cementite) da barin ferrite, ko kuma a matsayi mai girma, yana kama carbon a cikin ƙarfe don haka ya zama martensite. .Adadin da aka sanyaya karfen ta wurin zafin jiki na eutectoid (kimanin 727 ° C) yana shafar adadin da carbon ke watsawa daga austenite kuma ya samar da siminti.Gabaɗaya magana, sanyaya da sauri zai bar ƙarfe carbide da kyau ya tarwatse kuma ya samar da lu'u-lu'u mai kyau kuma sanyaya a hankali zai ba da pearlite mai ɗanɗano.Sanyaya karfen hypoeutectoid (kasa da 0.77 wt% C) yana haifar da tsarin lamellar-pearlitic na yadudduka na carbide baƙin ƙarfe tare da α-ferrite (kusan ƙarfe mai tsafta) tsakanin.Idan karfe ne na hypereutectoid (fiye da 0.77 wt% C) to tsarin yana cike da pearlite tare da ƙananan hatsi (ya fi girma fiye da pearlite lamella) na cimentite da aka kafa a kan iyakokin hatsi.Karfe na eutectoid (0.77% carbon) zai sami tsarin lu'u-lu'u a cikin hatsi ba tare da siminti a kan iyakoki ba.Ana samun adadin adadin abubuwan da aka haɗa ta amfani da ƙa'idar lever.Wadannan jerin nau'ikan maganin zafi ne mai yiwuwa.
Alloy karfe karfe ne wanda aka haɗa tare da abubuwa iri-iri a cikin jimlar adadin tsakanin 1.0% da 50% ta nauyi don haɓaka kayan aikin injin sa.Alloy karafa sun kasu kashi biyu: low gami karfe da high gami karfe.Bambancin da ke tsakanin su biyun yana jayayya.Smith da Hashemi sun bayyana bambanci a 4.0%, yayin da Degarmo, et al., ayyana shi a 8.0%.Mafi yawanci, kalmar “alloy karfe” tana nufin ƙananan ƙarfe.
A taƙaice dai, kowane ƙarfe na ƙarfe ne, amma ba duk karafa ake kira da “alloy steels ba”.Ƙarfe mafi sauƙi sune baƙin ƙarfe (Fe) tare da carbon (C) (kimanin 0.1% zuwa 1%, dangane da nau'in).Duk da haka, kalmar "alloy karfe" shine ma'auni na ma'auni wanda ke nufin karfe tare da sauran abubuwan da aka haɗa da gangan ban da carbon.Alamomin gama gari sun haɗa da manganese (wanda ya fi kowa), nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, da boron.Abubuwan da ba su da yawa sun haɗa da aluminum, cobalt, jan karfe, cerium, niobium, titanium, tungsten, tin, zinc, gubar, da zirconium.
Abubuwan da ke biyowa sune kewayon ingantattun kaddarorin a cikin kayan ƙarfe (kamar yadda aka kwatanta da ƙarfe na carbon): ƙarfi, tauri, tauri, juriya, juriya na lalata, taurin, da taurin zafi.Don cimma wasu ingantattun kaddarorin ƙarfe na iya buƙatar maganin zafi.
Wasu daga cikin waɗannan suna samun amfani a aikace-aikace masu ban sha'awa kuma masu buƙatar gaske, kamar a cikin injin turbine na injunan jet, da a cikin injinan nukiliya.Saboda ferromagnetic Properties na baƙin ƙarfe, wasu karfe gami suna samun muhimman aikace-aikace inda martaninsu ga maganadiso yana da matukar muhimmanci, ciki har da lantarki Motors da kuma a cikin Transformers.
Spheroidizing
Spheroidite yana samuwa lokacin da aka yi zafi da karfen carbon zuwa kusan 700 ° C na sama da sa'o'i 30.Spheroidite na iya samuwa a ƙananan yanayin zafi amma lokacin da ake buƙata yana ƙaruwa sosai, saboda wannan tsari ne mai sarrafa watsawa.Sakamakon shine tsarin sanduna ko sassan siminti a cikin tsarin farko (ferrite ko pearlite, dangane da wane gefen eutectoid kuke).Manufar ita ce tausasa manyan karafan carbon da ba da damar ƙarin tsari.Wannan shi ne mafi taushi kuma mafi ductile nau'i na karfe.
Cikakken annealing
Carbon karfe yana mai zafi zuwa kusan 40 ° C sama da Ac3 ko Acm na awa 1;wannan yana tabbatar da cewa duk ferrite ya canza zuwa austenite (ko da yake ciminti zai iya kasancewa idan abun cikin carbon ya fi eutectoid girma).Sa'an nan kuma dole ne a sanyaya karfen a hankali, a cikin yanayin 20 ° C (36 ° F) a kowace awa.Yawancin lokaci ana sanyaya tanderu kawai, inda aka kashe tanderun tare da har yanzu karfe a ciki.Wannan yana haifar da ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin lu'u-lu'u, wanda ke nufin "sanduna" na pearlite suna da kauri.Ƙarfin da aka cika da shi cikakke yana da taushi kuma mai ƙwanƙwasa, ba tare da damuwa na ciki ba, wanda sau da yawa ya zama dole don samar da farashi mai mahimmanci.Karfe mai spheroidized kawai ya fi laushi kuma ya fi ductile.
Tsari annealing
Tsarin da ake amfani da shi don kawar da damuwa a cikin karfen carbon da aka yi da sanyi tare da ƙasa da 0.3% C. Ƙarfe yawanci yana zafi zuwa 550-650 ° C na 1 hour, amma wani lokacin yanayin zafi har zuwa 700 ° C.Hoton da ke hannun dama[bayani da ake buƙata] yana nuna wurin da ɓarnar aikin ke faruwa.
Isothermal annealing
Tsari ne wanda ƙarfe na hypoeutectoid ke yin zafi sama da babban zafin jiki mai mahimmanci.Ana kiyaye wannan zafin jiki na ɗan lokaci sannan a rage shi zuwa ƙasa da ƙananan zafin jiki mai mahimmanci kuma ana sake kiyaye shi.Sannan a sanyaya shi zuwa dakin da zafin jiki.Wannan hanya tana kawar da duk wani yanayin zafi.
Daidaitawa
Carbon karfe yana mai zafi zuwa kusan 55 °C sama da Ac3 ko Acm na awa 1;wannan yana tabbatar da cewa karfe ya canza gaba daya zuwa austenite.Sannan ana sanyaya karfen iska, wanda shine yanayin sanyaya kusan 38°C (100°F) a minti daya.Wannan yana haifar da kyakkyawan tsari na lu'u-lu'u, da kuma tsari mai yawa.Karfe na al'ada yana da ƙarfi mafi girma fiye da ƙarfe da aka shafe;yana da in mun gwada da babban ƙarfi da taurin.
Quenching
Karfe na Carbon tare da aƙalla 0.4 wt% C yana mai zafi don daidaita yanayin zafi sannan kuma cikin sauri ya sanyaya (ya kashe) cikin ruwa, brine, ko mai zuwa matsanancin zafin jiki.Matsakaicin zafin jiki mai mahimmanci ya dogara da abun ciki na carbon, amma a matsayin ƙa'ida ta gaba ɗaya yana da ƙasa yayin da abun cikin carbon ke ƙaruwa.Wannan yana haifar da tsarin martensitic;wani nau'i na karfe wanda ke da cikakken cikakken abun ciki na carbon a cikin naƙasasshiyar tsarin cubic (BCC) crystalline, wanda ake kira tetragonal mai matsakaicin jiki (BCT), tare da damuwa mai yawa na ciki.Don haka karfen da aka kashe yana da matuƙar wuya amma gaggauce, yawanci ya yi karko don dalilai na amfani.Wadannan matsalolin na ciki na iya haifar da tsagewar damuwa a saman.Ƙarfin da aka kashe yana da wuya kusan sau uku (hudu tare da ƙarin carbon) fiye da daidaitaccen ƙarfe.
Martempering (Marquenching)
Martempering ba a zahiri hanya ce ta zafin rai ba, don haka kalmar marquenching.Wani nau'i ne na maganin zafi na isothermal da ake amfani da shi bayan an fara kashewa, yawanci a cikin wankan gishiri mai narkakkar, a yanayin zafi sama da “martensite start zafin jiki”.A wannan zafin jiki, ragowar damuwa a cikin kayan ana samun sauƙi kuma ana iya samun wasu bainite daga riƙon austenite waɗanda basu da lokacin canzawa zuwa wani abu dabam.A cikin masana'antu, wannan tsari ne da ake amfani dashi don sarrafa ductility da taurin abu.Tare da tsayin marquenching, ductility yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙarfi;ana riƙe da ƙarfe a cikin wannan bayani har sai yanayin ciki da na waje na ɓangaren ya daidaita.Sa'an nan kuma ana sanyaya karfe a matsakaicin matsakaici don kiyaye yanayin zafi kadan.Ba wai kawai wannan tsari ya rage damuwa na ciki da damuwa ba, amma yana ƙara ƙarfin tasiri.
Haushi
Wannan shine mafi yawan maganin zafi da aka ci karo da shi, saboda ana iya ƙayyade kaddarorin ƙarshe daidai ta yanayin zafin jiki da lokacin zafi.Tempering ya haɗa da sake dumama karfe zuwa zafin jiki ƙasa da zafin eutectoid sannan sanyaya.Maɗaukakin zafin jiki yana ba da damar ƙananan ƙwayoyin spheroidite su samar, wanda ke dawo da ductility, amma yana rage taurin.Ana zaɓar ainihin yanayin zafi da lokuta a hankali don kowane abun da ke ciki.
Austempering
Tsarin austempering iri ɗaya ne da yin martempering, sai dai an katse quench ɗin kuma ana riƙe da ƙarfe a cikin narkakken gishiri wanka a yanayin zafi tsakanin 205 ° C zuwa 540 ° C, sannan a sanyaya a matsakaici.Sakamakon karfe, wanda ake kira bainite, yana samar da microstructure na acicular a cikin karfe wanda ke da karfi mai girma (amma kasa da martensite), mafi girma ductility, mafi girma tasiri juriya, da kuma kasa murdiya fiye da martensite karfe.Rashin hasara na austempering shine ana iya amfani dashi kawai akan ƙananan karafa, kuma yana buƙatar wanka na gishiri na musamman.
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